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The American Medical Association (AMA) style was created by editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and specifies writing and citation styles for scholarly works in medicine. AMA is typically used in the health sciences field.
This style is formatted to conform to the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals started by the ICMJE in 1979.
This guide goes over the most common questions using the AMA style and is not intended to be the complete authority on these styles. For detailed information on these two styles please consult the actual style guides.
| RULE | EXAMPLE | |
| In text references | References should be numbered consecutively with superscript Arabic numbers in order of appearance within the text. | Acute pancreatitis in children was reported in 2017 by the NASPGHAN Pancreas Committee. 1,2 |
| Author initials | Use initials without periods for author names and do not use a space between the initials. Add a comma between author names | Smith JR, Brown SH |
| Author number rule | If there are more than six authors list only the first three followed by et al. | Abu-El-Haija M, Kumar S, Szabo F, et al. |
| Journal names | Abbreviate and italicize journal titles (without periods) using the NLM Journals database for abbreviations. | J Pediatr |
| Title of publication |
Book Title: |
Book: Book Chapter: Journal Title: |
| DOI | Use the DOI (digital object identifiers) instead of URL if available. If a DOI is used do not use "Accessed on" date. | Gage BF, Fihn SD, White RH. Management and dosing of warfarin therapy. The American Journal of Medicine. 2000;109(6):481-488. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00545-3 |
| Location (Place of publication) |
Name the city where the publishing firm is located followed by a comma and the two letter abbreviation of the state. If more than one location appears us the first one. In the case of a non-US location use the city followed by a comma and the country. |
Cincinnati, OH |
| Page numbers |
Page numbers include first page hyphen final page (full number) without spaces. |
161-168 |
| NUMBER OF AUTHORS |
AUTHOR-IN REFERENCE LIST |
|---|---|
| One | Hershey, AD |
| Two | Kacperski J, Hershey AD |
|
Three to Six |
Thomson KE, Modi AC, Glauser TA, Rausch JR, Steve White H |
|
Seven or more |
Martin VT, Allen JR, Houle TT, et al. |
Notes:
| TYPE | MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATE FOR REFERENCES |
| 1. Author AA. Article title. Journal Name. Year;vol(issue no.):pages. | |
| Online | 1. Author AA. Article title. Journal Name. Year;vol(issue no.):pages. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
| DOI | 1. Author AA. Article title. Journal Name. Year;vol(issue no.):pages. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy |
| In Press | 1. Author AA. Title. Journal Name. In press. |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
| TYPE | EXAMPLES |
| One Author | 1. Hershey AD. Pediatric headache: Where we are and where we are going. Headache. 2015;55(10):1356-1357. |
| Two Author | 1. Kacperski J, Hershey AD. Newly approved agents for the treatment and prevention of pediatric migraine. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(9):837-844. |
| Three to Six Author | 1. Thomson KE, Modi AC, Glauser TA, Rausch JR, White SH. The impact of nonadherence to antiseizure drugs on seizure outcomes in an animal model of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2017;58(6):1054-1062. |
| More than Six Author | 1. Stark LJ, Filigno SS, Bolling C, et al. Learning about activity and understanding nutrition for child health (LAUNCH): Rationale, design, and implementation of a randomized clinical trial of a family-based pediatric weight management program for preschoolers. Contemp Clin Trials. 2017;52:10-19. |
| Online |
1. Kuznietsova HM, Luzhenetska VK, Kotlyar IP, Rybalchenko VK. Effects of 5-Amyno-4-(1, 3-benzothyazol-2-yn)-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1, 2-dihydro-3H-pyrrol-3-one intake on Ddgestive system in a rat model of colon cancer. Sci World J. 2015. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2015/376576/abs/. Accessed August 25, 2017. |
| DOI |
1. Vijgen L, Keyaerts E, Zlateva K, Van Ranst M. Identification of six new polymorphisms in the human coronavirus 229E receptor gene (aminopeptidase N/CD13). Int J Infect Dis. 2004;8(4):217-222. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.03.004. |
| In Press |
1. Dignan PSJ. Congenital malformations. J Pediatr. In press.
|
| TYPE | MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATE FOR REFERENCES |
| Authored book-Print | 1. Author AA. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. Please note a first edition book does not include 1st ed in the citation. |
| Authored book-Online | 1. Author AA. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
| Authored book-Online (DOI) |
1. Author AA. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy Accessed Month Date, Year. |
| Edited book-Print | 1. Editor AA ed. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. |
| Edited book-Online (no DOI) |
1. Editor AA ed. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ |
| Edited book-Online (DOI) | 1. Editor AA ed. Book Title: Subtitle. Edition # ed. Location: Publisher; Year. http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
1. Aehlert B. ECGs Made Easy Pocket Reference. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Lifeline; 1995.
1. Aehlert B. ECGs Made Easy. 5th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Jems; 2013.
1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book Online. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson Reuters (Healthcare) Inc.; 2012. http://www.redbook.com/redbook/online Accessed [August 25, 2017].
| TYPE | MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATE FOR REFERENCES |
| Book Chapter-Print |
1. Author, AA. Title of the chapter. In: Editor AA, ed. Book Title. Edition # ed Location: Publisher; Year:Pages. |
| Book Chapter- Online (no DOI) |
1. Author, AA. Title of the chapter. In: Editor AA, ed. Book Title. Edition # ed. Publisher, http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Date (Month Date, Year). |
|
Book Chapter- Online |
1. Author, AA. Title of the chapter. In: Editor AA, ed. Book Title. Publisher, http://dx.doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyyy. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
| TYPE | EXAMPLES |
| Book Chapter-Print |
1. Kirkwood C. Active learning strategies. In: Schwinghammer TL, Koehler JM, eds. Pharmacotherapy Casebook : a Patient-Focused Approach. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2011:9-12. |
|
Book Chapter- Online |
1. Callahan SR, Mansour ME, Simmons JM. Patient and family–centered care and the patient-centered medical home. In: Kline MW, eds. Rudolph's Pediatrics. 23rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2017. http://accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2126§ionid=163280984. Accessed July 11, 2017. |
| Book Chapter-Online (DOI) |
1. Hindlie M, Wu D, Anselme K, Gallet O, Di Martino P. Effects of fibronectin coating on bacterial and osteoblast progenitor cells adherence in a co-culture assay. 2016. In: Donelli G, ed. Advances in Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Public Health. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 17-30. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26320-5. Accessed September 12, 2017. |
| TYPE | MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATA FOR REFERENCES |
| Poster | 1. Author AA. Name of Presentation. Poster presented at: Name of Conference; Date of Conference (Month Date, Year); Location of Conference. |
| Paper | 1. Author AA. Name of Presentation. Paper presented at: Name of Conference; Date of Conference (Month Date, Year); Location of Conference. |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
| TYPES | EXAMPLES |
| Poster |
1. Biro F, Ewan L, McLinden D, Dejonckheere M, Vaughn L. Mapping Views of Adolescent Health Stakeholders. Poster presented at: Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine; March 18, 2015; Los Angeles, CA. |
| Paper | 1. Pestian JP, Matykiewicz PM, Grupp-Phelan J, Lavanier SA, Combs J, Kowatch, R. Using natural language processing to classify suicide notes. Paper presented at: BioNLP 2008; current trends in biomedical natural language processing; June 19, 2008; Columbus, OH. |
| TYPE |
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATA FOR REFERENCES |
| Web Site-Author | 1. Author AA. Title (or, if no title is available, the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the Web site. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
| Web site-No Author | 1. Organization responsible for the site. Title (or, if no title is available, the name of the organization responsible for the site). Name of the Web site. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
Bold words mean add the words (DO NOT bold) to your citation as written.
| TYPE | EXAMPLE |
| Website-Author | 1. Devarajan P. Myoglobinuria. Medscape. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/982711. Accessed June 30, 2017. |
| Web site-No Author | 1. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Air Pollution & Respiratory Health. https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution/. Accessed June 30, 2017. |
| TYPES | MINIMUM DATE REQUIRED FOR REFERENCES |
| Legislative Material-US Federal Administrative Regulations |
1. Author AA. Title of regulation. Journal name (in this case source). Year;Volume:Pages. Codified at Title number CFR §Section. |
| Government Agencies or Bulletins | 1. Author AA. Title of bulletin. Location: Name of issuing bureau, agency, department or other governmental division; Date; Pages (if specified); Publication number (if any); Series number (if given). |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
| TYPES | EXAMPLES |
| Legislative Material-Federal Register |
1. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Methadone in maintenance and detoxification: joint revision of conditions on use. Fed Regist. 1989;54:8954-8971. Codified at 21 CFR §291.
|
| Government Agencies or Bulletins |
1. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002.
1. National Institutes of Health, US Department of Heath and Human Services. Strategic Plan for NIH Obesity Research: a Report to the NIH Obesity Research Task Force. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2004. NIH publication 04-5493. |
| TYPE | MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE DATA FOR REFERENCES |
| Newspaper print | 1. Author AA. Title. Newspaper. Month Date, Year: PageColumn. |
| Newspaper electronic | 1. Author AA. Title. Newspaper. Month Date, Year. http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/. Accessed Month Date, Year. |
Bold words mean add the word (DO NOT bold the actual word) to your citation as written.
| TYPE | EXAMPLE |
| Newspaper print |
1. Brody JE. Alternative medicine makes inroads, but watch out for curves. New York Times. April 28, 1998:F9.
|
| Newspaper electronic | 1. Wallace R. Teens who drink run risk of causing damage to brain. Post-Tribune (IN). September 3, 2006. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1N1-1148504166A02348.html?refid=easy_hf. Accessed September 7, 2017. |
Every effort has been made to be as accurate as possible with these examples. If you see something that does not look correct please refer to the AMA Manual of Style for more detailed directions on this style.